Journal of Dhamma for Life

A Guideline of Comparative Judgement to the Offence of Sexual Intercourse in Vinayapitaka and Sexual Offenses Thai law

Phrakhru Wipoonwaranukit Thitapatipo phankut, Viroj Koomkrong — Fri, 13 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aims to (1) examine sexual intercourse (methuna) in the Vinaya Piṭaka, (2) study sexual offenses under Thai law, and (3) propose a comparative framework for diagnosing sexual misconduct in the Vinaya Piṭaka and sexual offenses under Thai legal principles. The study employs a qualitative documentary research design. Data were collected from the Tipiṭaka, its commentaries, the Thai Criminal Code, the Sangha Act B.E. 2505 (1962) and its amendment B.E. 2535 (1992), as well as related academic works. The population and samples consisted of primary and secondary documents concerning the first Pārājika rule and sexual offenses under the Criminal Code. Research instruments included document recording forms and a comparative analytical framework. Data were analyzed through content analysis and descriptive synthesis.

The findings reveal that methuna is considered a secular act reserved for laypeople and inherently involves two parties. The promulgation of the first Pārājika rule originated from the case of Venerable Sudinna, who engaged in sexual intercourse with his former wife, leading to public criticism. Consequently, the Buddha strictly prohibited monks from engaging in sexual intercourse, even with female animals. Such misconduct encompasses four categories of persons and three bodily orifices, resulting in immediate expulsion (Pārājika) from the monkhood. In contrast, Thai law defines sexual offenses to protect rights, liberties, and human dignity. For example, rape under Section 276 of the Criminal Code prescribes imprisonment and fines. The Sangha Act further prohibits those expelled under Pārājika from reordination. The comparative analysis indicates that the Vinaya aims to preserve celibacy and monastic purity, whereas Thai law seeks to protect society and victims. Although differing in nature religious sanction versus criminal punishment both systems converge in regulating conduct that affects morality and social order, suggesting an integrated doctrinal and legal approach for sustainable prevention and resolution.

The Guideline of Comparative Judgement on Offense of Theft and Incorrect According to Thai Law

Phra Paiboon piyatummo Dodlip, Viroj Koomkrong — Fri, 13 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aims to (1) to examine the doctrinal foundations of theft as prescribed in the Vinaya Pitaka; (2) to analyze Thai legal principles concerning the offense of theft; and (3) to propose a comparative framework for adjudicating theft under the Vinaya Pitaka and Thai criminal law. The study emphasizes doctrinal analysis, elements of the offense, and punitive measures within both religious and secular legal systems. This research employs a qualitative documentary methodology, drawing upon primary sources including the Tipitaka, its commentaries, and scholarly works in Buddhist studies, as well as statutory materials such as the Thai Criminal Code and the Sangha Act. Data were analyzed through content analysis and synthesized using descriptive-analytical methods.

The findings reveal that the case of Venerable Dhaniya, who took royal timber to construct his dwelling, led the Buddha to promulgate the second Parajika rule. This rule stipulates that a monk who steals property valued at more than 5 masakas commits a Parajika offense and is immediately and irrevocably expelled from the monastic order. The offense comprises five essential elements: (1) the property belongs to another; (2) the offender knows that it belongs to another; (3) the value exceeds the prescribed threshold; (4) there is intention to steal; and (5) the act results in the movement of the property. In contrast, Section 334 of the Thai Criminal Code defines theft as dishonestly taking another person’s property and prescribes penalties of imprisonment and/or fines. Additionally, the Sangha Act provides legal consequences related to the status of monks who have incurred Parajika offenses. The comparative analysis demonstrates that both the Vinaya and Thai law emphasize intentionality and ownership as core elements of theft. However, they differ significantly in their underlying objectives and sanctions: the Vinaya seeks to preserve the moral purity and integrity of the monastic community, whereas criminal law aims to protect property rights and maintain public order. The research synthesizes these findings into the “TT Model,” a conceptual framework for systematically comparing legal principles, adjudicative criteria, and integrative approaches to moral and legal sanctions.

The Guideline of Comparative Judgement on Human Killing and Offence under Thai Law

Phrakhru Withanudomkit Jongjetdee, Viroj Koomkrong — Fri, 13 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aims to (1) to examine the principles and substantive provisions concerning the offense of killing a human being under the Vinaya Piṭaka; (2) to study the relevant provisions of Thai law relating to the offense of homicide; and (3) to propose a comparative framework for adjudicating homicide offenses between the Vinaya Piṭaka and Thai law. This research employs a qualitative documentary research methodology, drawing upon sources including the Tipiṭaka, its commentaries, statutory provisions namely Sections 288 and 289 of the Thai Criminal Code, and Section 44 of the Sangha Act B.E. 2505 (1962), as amended by the Sangha Act (No. 2) B.E. 2535 (1992) as well as related academic works. The collected data were analyzed and synthesized through content analysis and principled interpretation, and the findings are presented descriptively.

The findings reveal that Pārājika Rule No. 3 of the Vinaya Piṭaka stipulates that intentionally depriving a human being of life or seeking means to cause a person’s death constitutes the gravest offense, resulting in immediate and irreversible expulsion from the monastic order. The offense includes specific constituent elements and seven exceptions, such as insanity. In contrast, Section 288 of the Thai Criminal Code prescribes penalties of death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term of fifteen to twenty years for homicide, while Section 289 provides aggravated circumstances punishable by death. Furthermore, Section 44 of the Sangha Act prescribes imprisonment not exceeding one year for a person who, having committed a pārājika offense, re-enters the monkhood while concealing the disqualifying fact. The comparative analysis indicates that both legal systems fundamentally aim to protect the value of human life. The Vinaya emphasizes the purity and integrity of the monastic status, whereas secular law focuses on maintaining public order and social justice. Although differing in form and purpose, the severity of sanctions in both systems reflects a comparable degree of gravity. In this regard, the researcher has developed an integrated body of knowledge in the form of the “HT Model” to systematically explain the comparative adjudicative framework, contributing to further studies in Buddhist legal philosophy and jurisprudence.

An Approach of Comparative Judgement to the Arrogance Offence in Vinaya Pitaka and the Offences under Thai Law

Phrakru Vajaradhammanuwat Chontawangso Suesat, Viroj Koomkrong — Fri, 13 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aims to (1) to examine the concept of falsely claiming superhuman attainments (uttarimanussadhamma) in the Vinaya Pitaka; (2) to study Thai legal principles concerning the offense of fraud against the public; and (3) to propose comparative adjudicative guidelines between the offense of falsely claiming superhuman attainments under the Vinaya Pitaka and the offense of fraud under Thai law. This research employs a qualitative documentary research methodology. Data were collected from the Tipitaka, commentaries, the Thai Penal Code, and relevant academic literature. The data were analyzed and synthesized using content analysis and presented through descriptive writing.

The findings reveal that falsely claiming superhuman attainments refers to asserting spiritual achievements beyond ordinary human states such as jhāna, vimokkha, samādhi, samāpatti, knowledge and insight (ñāṇadassana), realization of the path and fruit, eradication of defilements, mental liberation, and delight in seclusion without having actually attained them. The origin of this rule is traced to a case in which monks residing near the Vaggumudā River, during a period of famine, falsely claimed spiritual attainments to inspire laypeople’s faith. Upon learning of this, the Buddha reprimanded them and promulgated the fourth Pārājika rule, stipulating that any monk who falsely claims superhuman attainments is immediately defeated and expelled from the monkhood. Under Thai law, the offense of fraud is prescribed in Section 341 of the Penal Code, which provides that any person who dishonestly deceives another by false representation or concealment of facts and thereby obtains property shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years, or a fine not exceeding 60,000 baht, or both. In aggravated circumstances under Section 342 (3), the penalty may extend to imprisonment not exceeding 5 years, or a fine not exceeding 100,000 baht, or both. The comparative analysis is structured into 4 dimensions: (1) legal status and doctrinal foundations; (2) criteria for determining liability; (3) sanctions and penalties; and (4) integrative remedial measures. The study proposes cooperative mechanisms between the Sangha and state authorities, including the appointment of Vinayadhara experts proficient in both ecclesiastical discipline and secular law to adjudicate such cases. The research culminates in the development of the “CT Model,” a systematic framework for comparative legal-religious analysis and adjudication.

The Approach of Pancadhamma Teaching Implementation for Behavior Growth on Pancasila’s Performance

Pharamaha Sanit Sanvaro Hanchiaw, Viroj Koomkrong — Fri, 13 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aims to: 1) examine the concept of the Five Virtues (Benjadhamma) in Theravāda Buddhist scriptures; 2) study the Five Precepts (Benjasīla) as presented in Theravāda canonical texts; and 3) propose guidelines for promoting the Five Virtues in order to support ethical conduct in accordance with the Five Precepts. The study addresses the conceptual relationship between inner moral qualities and external behavioral regulations, a critical issue for strengthening Buddhist ethics in contemporary society. This research employs a qualitative methodology, specifically Documentary Research. Data were collected and analyzed from the Pāli Canon, commentaries (Aṭṭhakathā), sub-commentaries (Ṭīkā), the Visuddhimagga, and relevant contemporary academic works. Content analysis and systematic conceptual synthesis were applied to construct integrative conclusions.

The findings reveal that: 1) The Five Virtues represent foundational internal moral qualities, comprising loving-kindness and compassion (mettā–karuṇā), right livelihood (sammā-ājīva), restraint in sensual conduct (kāma-saṃvara), truthfulness (sacca), and mindfulness with clear comprehension (sati-sampajañña). These virtues function as the psychological and ethical foundations of Buddhist morality. 2) The Five Precepts constitute the fundamental moral code for lay Buddhists, consisting of abstention from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, false speech, and intoxicants. These precepts serve as external behavioral regulations that foster social harmony and peaceful coexistence. 3) Through conceptual synthesis, the study develops an ethical framework termed the “MORAL Model” to illustrate the complementary relationship between inner virtues and outer precepts: M = Metta–Karuṇā supports the first precept; O = Occupation (Right Livelihood) supports the second; R = Restraint in Sexuality corresponds to the third; A = Accuracy in Speech aligns with the fourth; and L = Lucid Awareness reinforces the fifth. The MORAL Model represents a novel body of knowledge demonstrating how cultivated inner virtues empower individuals to observe the Five Precepts voluntarily and sustainably, with practical applications at individual, familial, community, and policy levels for sustainable social development.

Guidelines of Relationship Enrichment Based on the Principles of Upajjhayavatta and Saddhiviharikavatta

Phra Boolort Chutimanto Chiangram, Viroj Koomkrong — Fri, 27 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research, entitled “Guidelines for Promoting Relationships Based on the Principles of Upajjhāyavatta and Saddhivihārikavatta,” aimed to achieve three objectives: 1) to study the principles of Upajjhāyavatta in Theravāda Buddhist scriptures; 2) to examine the principles of Saddhivihārikavatta in Theravāda Buddhist scriptures; and 3) to propose guidelines for promoting relationships in accordance with these two disciplinary frameworks. This study employed a qualitative research design using content analysis as the primary method. Data were collected from primary sources, including the Tipiṭaka, commentaries, sub-commentaries, and Vinaya-related texts, as well as relevant secondary literature and academic works. The population and sample consisted of Buddhist canonical and post-canonical texts addressing monastic disciplinary principles governing the relationship between preceptor and disciple. Research instruments included document analysis forms and a structured content analysis framework. Data were analyzed through descriptive interpretation and conceptual synthesis to develop a theoretical relational model.

The findings indicate that Upajjhāyavatta refers to the duties of a Saddhivihārika (resident disciple) toward his preceptor, such as attending upon him, showing respect, providing care during illness, willingly accepting admonition, assisting in resolving disciplinary offenses, and strictly observing the Vinaya. These practices emphasize relational ethics grounded in duty and gratitude. Conversely, Saddhivihārikavatta concerns the responsibilities of the preceptor, including instruction, guidance, admonition, material support through the four requisites, and direction in correct Dhamma practice. This relationship reflects a structured teacher–disciple model embedded within the Vinaya system and functions as a vital mechanism for preserving and transmitting the Buddha’s dispensation. The study proposes the DMSMH Model as a conceptual framework for strengthening preceptor–disciple relationships, consisting of D (Duty), M (Morality), S (Structure), M (Mentorship), and H (Harmony). The model demonstrates that this monastic relationship extends beyond formal etiquette, embodying a morally empowered disciplinary practice essential for the sustainable continuity of Buddhism in contemporary society.

Sappaya-Sapasathan and the Role of Discourse and Power

Krittee Chandragholica, Chatwarun Angasinha — Fri, 27 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to (1) analyze the architectural design of the Parliament building in terms of discourse and symbolic meaning; (2) To study the negotiation and conflict between traditional discourse and democratic discourse that appear through the architecture of parliament and (3) To present conceptual findings on the role of architecture as a space for the construction of state power and identity. This research is qualitative research. Data were collected from document studies and in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using Content Analysis. Analyze data in the form of text, images and audio to find the meanings, patterns and relationships hidden within the data to understand "discourse and power".

The research results found that the Sappayasaphasathan is a rhetorical component of the construction Both ethos, legends, and storytelling are discourses that have been excavated from the past in order to reproduce knowledge in the architectural space under the modern state. Discourse is also a tool of the power class to determine direction, regulate and control selection criteria. The competition model from the Traibhumi discourse has also been modified and act as a barrier between the state and citizens after use. People do not perceive the discourse as a good practice, and the spatial symbolism of the Sappayasabha is also a reinforcement of the upper power structure. And the power practices under the modern state also reflect the patterns of access to resources by class. The discourses that occur in the public space are therefore not a reflection of true intentions, but rather a disguise of the relationship of the power system.

An Application of the Threefold Learning Principle to Enhance Students Life Skills of Primary School Students at Ban Nong Takhong School, Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province

Fri, 27 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research investigates the application of the Threefold Training (Tri-Sikkhā) in Theravada Buddhism to enhance life skills among primary school students at Ban Nongtakong School, Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The objectives of the study were: (1) to examine the conceptual framework of the Threefold Training in Theravada Buddhism; (2) to explore existing problems in life skills development among primary students; and (3) to propose an integrative approach for applying the Threefold Training to strengthen students’ life skills. This study employed a qualitative field research design. Data were collected through documentary analysis, in-depth interviews with school administrators, teachers, and related stakeholders, and contextual observations within the school setting. Key informants were selected using purposive sampling. Research instruments included semi-structured interview protocols and observation forms. Data were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive interpretation to synthesize findings systematically.

The findings reveal that the Threefold Training—comprising moral discipline (sīla), mental concentration (samādhi), and wisdom (paññā)—provides a holistic human development framework aligned with 21st-century life skills. Identified problems included behavioral issues (e.g., lack of discipline and inappropriate language use), emotional and psychological challenges (e.g., limited concentration and poor emotional regulation), and cognitive limitations (e.g., underdeveloped critical thinking and decision-making skills). Family and school environmental factors were found to significantly influence these conditions. The proposed application framework consists of three integrated processes: (1) cultivating moral discipline to promote ethical conduct and social responsibility; (2) developing concentration practices to enhance emotional control and learning focus; and (3) fostering wisdom through critical thinking and problem-solving activities. These processes were implemented through classroom integration, weekly activities, and Buddhist-oriented school programs. The results indicate positive behavioral changes, improved emotional stability, enhanced concentration, and better problem-solving abilities among students. The study demonstrates the practical potential of the Threefold Training as an effective model for life skills development in primary education contexts.

An Analytical Study of the Characteristics of a Virtuous Person Based on the Principle of the Six Directions

Fri, 27 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aims to examine the concept of a “good person” in Theravāda Buddhism and to analyze the Six Directions (Chaṭṭha-diśā) as a practical ethical framework that serves as a concrete marker of moral personhood. The study pursues three primary objectives: (1) to investigate the meaning and essential components of a good person according to Theravāda Buddhist doctrine; (2) to examine the principle of the Six Directions as a socio-ethical system of relational responsibilities; and (3) to analyze the indicators of a good person through the interpretive lens of the Six Directions. This study employs a documentary research methodology, drawing upon canonical sources from the Pāli Tipiṭaka, related commentaries, and relevant academic literature. Data were analyzed using systematic content analysis and synthesized through descriptive and interpretative approaches.

The findings reveal that, in Theravāda Buddhism, a good person is characterized by holistic self-development in three interrelated dimensions: (1) the behavioral dimension (sīla), referring to moral discipline in bodily and verbal conduct, with the Five Precepts as the foundational framework; (2) the mental dimension (samādhi), referring to a stable and virtuous mind, particularly marked by gratitude (kataññutā-kataveditā), which is praised as a defining sign of the virtuous person; and (3) the wisdom dimension (paññā), referring to right view (sammā-diṭṭhi) and the capacity to discern moral distinctions and understand reality in accordance with the Dhamma. The principle of the Six Directions, as presented in the Sigālovāda Sutta, provides a practical ethical structure that categorizes social relationships into six directions: parents, teachers, spouse, friends, monastics, and employees. Each direction embodies reciprocal duties that foster mutual responsibility and social harmony. The analysis demonstrates that consistent and comprehensive practice of these reciprocal obligations constitutes a tangible indicator of moral integrity. The Six Directions function as an applied arena in which inner virtues—such as gratitude, respect, fidelity, sincerity, faith, and compassion—are manifested in observable social conduct. The Six Directions operate as an integrative mechanism that unifies morality (sīla), concentration (samādhi), and wisdom (paññā) within lived social relationships, transforming abstract virtues into embodied ethical practice. Despite changing contemporary contexts, the core principles of responsibility, respect, and reciprocity articulated in this framework remain universally relevant for fostering peaceful and sustainable societies.

The Influence of Accounting Professional Skills and Adaptation in the Digital Era on Job Performance and Success of Accountants in the Department of Land Transport

Nutwara Ketburana, Porntiwa Saengkhiew — Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to 1) study the digital accounting skills that affect the work performance of accountants at the Department of Land Transport, 2) study the digital accounting skills that affect the success of accountants at the Department of Land Transport, 3) study the adaptability of accountants that affect work performance, and 4) study the adaptability of accountants that affect the success of accountants at the Department of Land Transport. The study was conducted on a sample of 200 accountants at the Department of Land Transport.

This research applied a quantitative research method by using questionnaires as the research instrument to collect data. Statistics used in this study consisted of frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The study found that the majority of the sample were women, aged between 31 and 40 years, holding a bachelor's degree, with work experience between 6 and 10 years, and accounting experience between 1 and 5 years. The factors of digital accounting skills that affect the work performance of accountants include professional knowledge and competence, while those affecting work success include the application of technology, problem analysis and solving, professional ethics, competence, language skills, and accounting-related laws, all statistically significant at the 0.05 level.

The Mentoring Model through Community of Learning Processes to Enhance Research Capabilities in the Classroom of Wat Intharam School "Kovit Intharathorn"

Supattra Kochasan — Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to develop a supervision model based on the Professional Learning Community (PLC) process to enhance classroom action research competencies among teachers at Wat Intaram "Kovit Intrathorn" School. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) methodology consisting of four phases: (1) studying the foundational information through document review, teacher needs assessment, and focus group discussions with teachers and school administrators; (2) designing and validating the model and manual with five experts; (3) implementing the model with a purposive sample of 16 teachers, and evaluating their classroom research practices and reporting abilities using assessments and statistical analyses; and (4) evaluating the model in terms of input, process, and output based on teachers’ feedback.

The findings revealed that: (1) teachers expressed a clear need for support in conducting classroom research and desired a structured supervision approach; (2) the developed model comprised six components and six supervisory steps, which were rated as highly appropriate by experts; (3) teachers demonstrated good performance in conducting classroom research and report writing, with statistically significant results exceeding the 70% benchmark at the .05 level; and (4) all teachers produced either full or summary versions of classroom research reports, and overall, evaluated the model as highly appropriate The results suggest that the PLC-based supervision model effectively enhances teachers’ research competencies and can be adapted for use in other school contexts to promote professional development and instructional improvement.

Integrating the Concept of Spatial Social Innovation with the BCG Economy to Revitalize the Grassroots Economy through Bamboo

Jarunun Ungbhakorn, Chatwarun Angasinha — Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This is research study with the following objectives: 1) to study the potential, opportunities, and challenges in adding value to bamboo resources at the grassroots economic level within the context of each area; 2) to analyze guidelines for developing the community-level bamboo industry in line with the BCG Economy concept, with an emphasis on economic, social, and environmental sustainability; and 3) to develop spatial strategies or approaches to promote bamboo products and services to drive the grassroots economy. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 32 participants.

The results showed that integrating place-based innovation concepts with the BCG economy to develop the bamboo-based grassroots economy has high potential to create added value and income for communities. Bamboo can be processed into a variety of high-value products, such as textile fibers, bamboo charcoal, and engineered bamboo for furniture and construction materials. Every part of the bamboo plant can be utilized, resulting in minimal waste. Residual materials can be used as biochar, which also helps to absorb carbon dioxide effectively. However, the development of the bamboo grassroots economy faces several challenges, including a lack of knowledge and technology, limited access to funding and markets, and issues related to bamboo resource management. The guidelines and strategies for development emphasize collaboration among the public sector, private sector, and communities. Place-based innovation helps communities to create new opportunities within the framework of the BCG economy.

The Guideline of Four Iddhipada Development in Bodhipakkhiyadhamma Principle for Enlightenment

Phrakrupaladpairoj Katasaro SukKli, Viroj Koomkrong — Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research pursues three objectives: (1) to examine the Four Bases of Spiritual Power (Iddhipāda 4) within the framework of the Thirty-seven Factors of Enlightenment (Bodhipakkhiyadhamma); (2) to investigate the concept of enlightenment attainment in Theravāda Buddhist scriptures; and (3) to propose an integrative approach to cultivating the Iddhipāda 4 for the realization of enlightenment. This study employs a qualitative documentary research methodology. Data were collected from the Pāli Canon, its commentaries, and relevant academic sources, and subsequently analyzed and synthesized through content analysis and analytical-descriptive methods. The research population comprised primary and secondary Theravāda Buddhist textual sources related to Iddhipāda 4 and enlightenment attainment, selected through purposive sampling. Research instruments included data recording forms and a conceptual analytical framework, while data were examined using content analysis and logical synthesis.

The findings reveal that the Iddhipāda 4 Chanda (aspiration or wholesome desire), Viriya (energetic effort), Citta (focused and sustained attention), and Vimamsa (investigative wisdom) constitute essential practical principles that systematically support mental cultivation toward enlightenment. These qualities function as dynamic factors enhancing concentration and wisdom development. Regarding enlightenment in Theravāda scriptures, the study identifies the realization of the nine supramundane states (Lokuttaradhamma 9), namely the four paths, four fruits, and Nibbāna, as the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice. In certain cases, advanced meditative development may further result in the attainment of the six higher knowledges (Abhiññā 6). This dissertation proposes the “CVCV Model,” an integrative framework synthesizing Chanda, Viriya, Citta, and Vimamsa with related enlightenment factors—such as mindfulness cultivation, right effort, factors of awakening, and the Noble Eightfold Path into a coherent developmental process. The model contributes both theoretically and practically by offering a systematic approach to ethical training, spiritual development, curriculum design, and organizational moral cultivation, ultimately guiding practitioners toward stable and sustainable realization of enlightenment.

Legal Problems Regarding Waste Management in Local Administrative Organizations

Thawit Boonyachak, Samarn Thungthongtawee — Mon, 02 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This article aims to study basic information, concepts, principles, and legal theories related to waste management by local government organizations. It examines waste management laws by local government organizations from abroad and Thailand. It also analyzes legal issues related to waste management by local government organizations and proposes appropriate solutions for Thailand to address these legal issues. The study of waste management by local government organizations in Thailand revealed several enforcement problems, including: legal issues related to the issuance of local regulations on waste management by local government organizations; legal issues related to the lack of public participation in waste management by local government organizations; and legal issues related to the absence of specific waste management laws in Thailand. Therefore, the researcher recommends amending the Public Health Act B.E. 2535 (1992) and the Public Cleanliness and Orderliness Act B.E. 2535 (1992) to allow local government organizations to issue local regulations that are equitable and equal nationwide and to encourage public participation in waste management within their own localities. It is also proposed that Thailand have specific laws for waste disposal, given the current abundance of waste in Thailand. Therefore, it is necessary to have specific laws to enforce them.

The Competencies of School Administrator and the Academic Affairs Administration in Schools Under Suphanburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 3

Kanit Jensiriwong, Saisuda Tiacharoen — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to investigate: 1) the level of school administrators’ competencies; 2) the level of academic administration in schools; and 3) the relationship between administrators’ competencies and academic administration in schools under the jurisdiction of the Office of Suphan Buri Primary Educational Service Area 3. The study employed a quantitative descriptive correlational research design. The sample consisted of 97 schools under the Office of Suphan Buri Primary Educational Service Area 3. Two informants were selected from each school—one school administrator and one teacher—yielding a total of 194 respondents. The research instrument was a questionnaire divided into two parts: (1) a school administrators’ competency questionnaire based on the concepts of Chessicks, McGill, and Leckson; and (2) an academic administration questionnaire based on the framework of the Office of the Basic Education Commission. The instrument employed a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, weighted mean, and Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient.

The findings revealed that: 1) the overall and individual aspects of school administrators’ competencies were at a high level. The competencies ranked from highest to lowest mean scores were communication, teamwork, strategic performance, planning and management, delegation, and change management. 2) The overall and individual aspects of academic administration were also at a high level. The highest-ranked aspects included curriculum development and internal quality assurance system development, followed by measurement and evaluation, guidance services, and academic planning. 3) There was a statistically significant positive correlation at the .01 level between school administrators’ competencies and academic administration at a high level. This indicates that higher levels of administrators’ competencies were associated with more effective academic administration in schools.

China–Thailand Mutual Visa Exemption as a Driver of Inbound Tourism: A Multi-segment Socioeconomic Analysis

Zhang Xin — Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study examines the structural and experiential barriers that Chinese tourists faced prior to the implementation of the China–Thailand Mutual Visa Exemption policy in March 2024. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study integrates quantitative data from 830 structured survey responses with qualitative insights from 15 in-depth interviews across five purpose-based tourist subgroups: general tourists, students, business travelers, job seekers, and retirees. The central research question investigates the types and extent of obstacles that impeded Chinese tourists from choosing Thailand as a travel destination before the visa policy was enacted. Results identify four dominant categories of pre-policy challenges: (1) visa processing complexity, including document burdens and unclear categories; (2) language and cultural barriers, which created anxiety and confusion during border entry and local interaction; (3) policy inconsistency and procedural unpredictability, particularly during the COVID-19 era; and (4) trust erosion due to the increasing visibility of grey capital activities in tourism, real estate, and education sectors. These issues were especially pronounced among independent travelers, older tourists, and first-time visitors. The study applies Push–Pull Theory as its main analytical framework, supported by Plog’s psychographic segmentation, Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital, and Doxey’s Irridex model. Findings confirm that administrative rigidity, service fragmentation, and symbolic discomfort discouraged travel even before formal restrictions were lifted. The implications highlight the importance of pre-emptive infrastructure reform, cultural mediation mechanisms, and segmented service systems to ensure policy effectiveness beyond its symbolic enactment. This research provides empirical and theoretical contributions to the study of mobility governance, tourism psychology, and cross-border visitor management.

Guidelines for Applying the Sekhiyavatta principle to Enhance Thai Etiquette Values

Phrakhrubaidika Somphong Anubhaddo Paongdang, Viroj Koomkrong — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aims to (1) to study the Sekhiyavatta in Theravada Buddhist scriptures, (2) to examine Thai etiquette, and (3) to propose approaches for applying Sekhiyavatta principles to enhance the value of Thai etiquette. The study employed a qualitative documentary research, analyzing and synthesizing data through descriptive type of report.

The findings revealed that Sekhiyavatta refers to the learned, comprising 75 training rules, governs the physical, verbal, and mental conduct of monks, emphasizing refined manners with the intent to cultivate self-discipline and public respect. These rules are categorized into 4 groups: (1) Sārūpa (26 rules), concerning composure in deportment and behavior when entering communities; (2) Bhojanapati-samyutta (30 rules), pertaining to etiquette in receiving and consuming food; (3) Dhammadesanapati-samyutta (16 rules), addressing decorum in preaching the Dhamma; and (4) Pakiṇṇaka (3 rules), covering specific activities such as excretion in public spaces. Sekhiyavatta transcends mere disciplinary rules, reflecting a refined Buddhist cultural ethos in behavioral practice.

When compared to Thai etiquette, it was defined as the code of refined conduct encompassing polite and respectful behavior in actions, speech, and mindset-particularly in showing deference and situational appropriateness-it aligns closely with Sekhiyavatta across all dimensions. For instance, proper attire, composed speech and posture, and respect toward elders mirror the Buddhist principle of sixfold reverence, which forms the psychological foundation of Thai etiquette.

The application of Sekhiyavatta to promote Thai etiquette can be organized into four approaches, corresponding to Sekhiyavatta, and synthesized into SBDP Model: (1) S=Self-discipline, focusing on self-control; (2) B=Behavioral decorum, emphasizing polite conduct; (3) D=Dharma-based etiquette, rooted in Buddhist principles, and (4) P=Public respect, fostering respect for society and the environment. The findings highlight that Sekhiyavatta can systematically enhance public virtue and cultivate a culture of self- and mutual respect, particularly in an era where Thai etiquette faces challenges from globalization. This research holds academic, ethical, and policy-relevant value for revitalizing Thai cultural roots grounded in Buddhist principles, fostering a profound and sustainable cultural restoration.

Factors Affecting the Decision to Repurchase Roza Brand Canned Fish Products of Operators of Make-To-Order Restaurants in Mueang District, Nonthaburi Province

Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to examine (1) the marketing mix factors influencing the repurchase decision of Rosa canned fish products among made-to-order restaurant entrepreneurs in Mueang District, Nonthaburi Province, and (2) the brand equity factors affecting the repurchase decision of the same product. The study employed a quantitative research approach. Data were collected from 280 made-to-order restaurant entrepreneurs located in Mueang District, Nonthaburi Province. The samples were selected using a convenience sampling method through field surveys across different subdistricts, and respondents voluntarily participated in the questionnaire survey. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire that was tested for content validity and reliability prior to data collection. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the causal relationships among the study variables.

The results revealed that the marketing mix factors had a positive and statistically significant influence on the repurchase decision of Rosa canned fish products at a significance level of .000, with a path coefficient of 0.437. In addition, brand equity factors also showed a positive and statistically significant effect on the repurchase decision at a significance level of .000, with a path coefficient of 0.406. Furthermore, both factors jointly explained 64.40 percent of the variance in repurchase decision behavior. The findings indicate that marketing mix and brand equity play crucial roles in influencing the repurchase decisions of made-to-order restaurant entrepreneurs. Therefore, businesses and manufacturers should focus on developing effective marketing strategies, particularly appropriate pricing strategies and promotional activities that respond to customer needs. Moreover, strengthening brand equity is essential for enhancing customer trust, confidence, and brand loyalty, which can ultimately lead to higher repurchase intentions and sustainable competitive advantage in the market.

The Model of Private School Administration Towards Excellence In According to Buddhist Principles

Huttayaporn Suphasoon, Phrarajavajiranyanamethi — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to develop a management model for private schools toward excellence based on Buddhist principles. The study employed a mixed methods research design with two main objectives: (1) to investigate the current and expected conditions of private school management toward excellence, and (2) to develop a management model for private schools toward excellence based on Buddhist principles. The research was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, the current and desirable conditions of private school management toward excellence were examined through document analysis and in-depth interviews, followed by content analysis. A survey using a dual response format questionnaire was then administered based on the seven criteria of the Office of Basic Education Commission Quality Award (OBECQA). The sample consisted of 75 private schools, with three respondents from each school—school directors, deputy directors, academic heads, or teacher representatives—totaling 225 participants. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNI – modified). In Phase 2, a management model for private schools toward excellence based on Buddhist principles was developed. The findings from Phase 1 were synthesized to construct the model components, considering priority needs with PNI – modified ≥ 0.10, which initially yielded five components and 21 variables. A focus group discussion with ten Buddhist scholars and educational experts was conducted to refine the model, resulting in five components and 20 variables. The model was then evaluated and validated by 17 experts using four criteria: accuracy, propriety, feasibility, and utility. The evaluation results indicated the highest level in all aspects (Accuracy: M = 4.82, SD = 0.39; Propriety: M = 4.88, SD = 0.33; Feasibility: M = 4.76, SD = 0.44; Utility: M = 5.00, SD = 0.00).

The results revealed that the proposed management model consists of five components and 20 variables: (1) leadership based on the Four Bases of Success (Iddhipāda IV), (2) strategic management based on Iddhipāda IV, (3) personnel management based on Iddhipāda IV, (4) operational management based on Iddhipāda IV, and (5) results-based management according to Iddhipāda IV. The model provides a systematic framework for enhancing excellence in private school management grounded in Buddhist principles.

Factors Affecting Organizational Commitment of Hotel Employees in Phuket Province

Kantaphat Suppakulsawat, Kritsana Dararuang, Rungradit Kongyoungyune — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to 1) examine the quality of work life, organizational justice, and organizational commitment of hotel employees in Phuket Province; 2) investigate the relationship between quality of work life and organizational justice with organizational commitment; 3) identify key variables influencing organizational commitment; and 4) propose guidelines for enhancing organizational commitment. The sample consisted of 378 employees working in 4–5-star hotels, determined by Krejcie and Morgan’s table. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.

The findings revealed that employees’ quality of work life, organizational justice, and organizational commitment were at high to very high levels. Quality of work life and organizational justice showed significant positive correlations with organizational commitment at the .01 level (r = .682 and .734). The strongest predictors of organizational commitment included job suitability, teamwork relations, customer relations, process fairness, and internal communication, which together explained 74.20% of the variance (R² = 0.742). Furthermore, based on these results, five practical guidelines were proposed to enhance organizational commitment: aligning tasks with employees’ potential, strengthening team collaboration, fostering customer relationship value, promoting transparent processes, and enhancing internal communication. These guidelines are practical and can be applied to strengthen human resource management and ensure the sustainable development of hotel businesses in Phuket Province.