Towards a Net-Zero Future: The Multifaceted Role of Universities in Accelerating Carbon Neutrality and Climate Action
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Abstract
The escalating global climate crisis necessitates urgent and coherent actions across all sectors of society. Higher education institutions (HEIs), with their unique positioning at the intersection of knowledge generation, talent development, and civic engagement, are critical catalysts in the transition to a net-zero emissions future. This paper examines the multidimensional roles and strategic pathways through which universities can significantly advance carbon neutrality and climate action. By synthesizing existing literature and drawing on in-depth comparative case studies of Southeast Bangkok University (Thailand) and Beijing Jiaotong University (China), this study proposes an integrated conceptual framework that positions HEIs simultaneously in four complementary roles: (1) Innovation Engines, driving low-carbon research and technology development; (2) Operational Benchmarks, demonstrating carbon-neutral campus management; (3) Educational Pioneers, leading curriculum transformation and sustainability education; and (4) Community Hubs, fostering public engagement and cross-sector collaboration.
The analysis identifies significant implementation barriers, including financial constraints, methodological challenges in Scope 3 emissions accounting, organizational inertia, and difficulties in measuring indirect impact. Moreover, the comparative cases reveal how institutional mission, resources, and regional context shape distinct but equally viable climate strategies - ranging from localized, context-sensitive approaches to technology- and policy-oriented pathways. The study concludes with strategic recommendations for policymakers and university leaders to embed carbon neutrality into institutional cores, emphasizing the necessity of context-specific strategies that leverage institutional strengths and foster collaboration between research-intensive and regional universities. This research contributes to both theoretical understanding and practical implementation of comprehensive climate action in higher education globally, offering a refined framework for designing, evaluating, and scaling university-led initiatives in support of a net-zero future.
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