THE DEVELOPMENT AND DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM AS SOCIAL ENTERPRISE IN THAILAND

Abstract

This qualitative research study explores the development and dynamics of community-based tourism (CBT) as social enterprise (SE) in Thailand. Utilizing documentary research, the study analyzes 40 relevant publications and conducts in-depth interviews with 10 key stakeholders, including policymakers and executives from CBT models certified as social enterprises in Thailand. Data analysis employs documentary or content analysis techniques. The research findings indicate that the development of community-based tourism as social enterprise (CBT-SE) in Thailand can be divided into four phases:

           Phase 1 (BE 2512-2534): Emergence of the social enterprise concept, particularly in royal-initiated projects, driven by the monarchy and influential community leaders. It focused on addressing poverty and drug issues.

           Phase 2 (BE 2535-2544): Utilization of tourism as a tool for community development, led by non-profit organizations. The primary driving force was the global environmental crisis, leading to the formation of community-based tourism after the economic crisis, with state organizations and the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) playing a major role.

           Phase 3 (BE 2544-2554): Focuses on institutionalizing CBT and promoting SE nationwide, with academia significantly contributing to CBT knowledge, driven by social responsibility concepts.

           Phase 4 (BE 2556-present):  Emphasizes the enhancement of sustainable CBT standards, with collaboration among the Office of Social Enterprise Promotion Thailand (OSEP), the Tourism Authority of Thailand, the Department of Tourism Ministry of Tourism and Sports, Designated Areas for Sustainable Tourism Administration (Public Organization), local government organizations, and CBT initiatives have collectively developed Thailand's first recognized community-based tourism as social enterprise (CBT-SE).

          A success attributed to clear government policies, legislative support for social enterprise, and strong partnerships among public, private, and civil society sectors in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the current National Economic and Social Development Plan.