The Major Protests in Nepal, 2025

Abstract

This academic article, The Major Protests in Nepal, 2025: The Role of Diversity in the Political Whirlpool, aims to analyze the causes, patterns, and impacts of protests in Nepal from the Jana Andolan movements to the mobilization of Generation Z through the lens of social science theories, and to propose pathways toward sustainable democracy. The core discussion emphasizes that protests in Nepal have emerged from multidimensional factors: persistent political instability, economic inequality, ethnic conflicts particularly among the Madhesi community and external influences from neighboring states. The forms of protest have evolved from the traditional Jana Andolan to digitally organized movements led by Generation Z, resulting in a historic transition from monarchy to republic. However, political instability and social fragmentation remain unresolved. The study concludes that these protests reflect the aspiration for participatory democracy and the recognition of diversity. The key challenge lies in balancing power among ethnic groups and regions. Nepal must develop inclusive political institutions and an equitable economic system that reduces inequality, transforming the “cries of protest” into a “chorus of creation” that may position Nepal as a model of multicultural democracy in South Asia.