Buddhist Philosophy and the Concept of Happiness in the Consumerist Era

Abstract

This article aims to study (1) the concept of happiness according to Buddhist philosophy and (2) a comparison between the notion of happiness in Buddhist philosophy and consumerist society. The study finds that Buddhist philosophy views true happiness as arising from the reduction of defilements and the cultivation of wisdom, which can be categorized into happiness derived from morality (Sila), concentration (samādhi), wisdom (paññā), and ultimately, Nirvana (nibbāna). In contrast, the concept of happiness in consumerist society emphasizes the pursuit of happiness through material possessions and consumption, which often results in only temporary satisfaction and a continuous desire for new things. This article proposes that applying Buddhist principles, particularly the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, can help individuals attain genuine and sustainable happiness amidst the currents of consumerism. Furthermore, the study reveals that happiness derived from Buddhist philosophy is more stable compared to happiness dependent on material possessions or consumption. Individuals who develop inner happiness through mental and intellectual cultivation tend to experience greater peace and resilience in adapting to life's changes. Conversely, happiness in a consumerist society often leads to stress and an endless cycle of desire, resulting in persistent dissatisfaction. Moreover, Buddhist philosophy offers practical approaches applicable to daily life, including mindfulness in recognizing one’s emotions, reducing attachment to material possessions, and living a balanced life through the Middle Path (Majjhimā Paṭipadā). These practices enable individuals to discover true happiness without relying on external stimuli.