The Guideline of Four Iddhipada Development in Bodhipakkhiyadhamma Principle for Enlightenment

Abstract

This research pursues three objectives: (1) to examine the Four Bases of Spiritual Power (Iddhipāda 4) within the framework of the Thirty-seven Factors of Enlightenment (Bodhipakkhiyadhamma); (2) to investigate the concept of enlightenment attainment in Theravāda Buddhist scriptures; and (3) to propose an integrative approach to cultivating the Iddhipāda 4 for the realization of enlightenment. This study employs a qualitative documentary research methodology. Data were collected from the Pāli Canon, its commentaries, and relevant academic sources, and subsequently analyzed and synthesized through content analysis and analytical-descriptive methods. The research population comprised primary and secondary Theravāda Buddhist textual sources related to Iddhipāda 4 and enlightenment attainment, selected through purposive sampling. Research instruments included data recording forms and a conceptual analytical framework, while data were examined using content analysis and logical synthesis.

The findings reveal that the Iddhipāda 4 Chanda (aspiration or wholesome desire), Viriya (energetic effort), Citta (focused and sustained attention), and Vimamsa (investigative wisdom) constitute essential practical principles that systematically support mental cultivation toward enlightenment. These qualities function as dynamic factors enhancing concentration and wisdom development. Regarding enlightenment in Theravāda scriptures, the study identifies the realization of the nine supramundane states (Lokuttaradhamma 9), namely the four paths, four fruits, and Nibbāna, as the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice. In certain cases, advanced meditative development may further result in the attainment of the six higher knowledges (Abhiññā 6). This dissertation proposes the “CVCV Model,” an integrative framework synthesizing Chanda, Viriya, Citta, and Vimamsa with related enlightenment factors—such as mindfulness cultivation, right effort, factors of awakening, and the Noble Eightfold Path into a coherent developmental process. The model contributes both theoretically and practically by offering a systematic approach to ethical training, spiritual development, curriculum design, and organizational moral cultivation, ultimately guiding practitioners toward stable and sustainable realization of enlightenment.