The Approach of Pancadhamma Teaching Implementation for Behavior Growth on Pancasila’s Performance

Abstract

This research article aims to: 1) examine the concept of the Five Virtues (Benjadhamma) in Theravāda Buddhist scriptures; 2) study the Five Precepts (Benjasīla) as presented in Theravāda canonical texts; and 3) propose guidelines for promoting the Five Virtues in order to support ethical conduct in accordance with the Five Precepts. The study addresses the conceptual relationship between inner moral qualities and external behavioral regulations, a critical issue for strengthening Buddhist ethics in contemporary society. This research employs a qualitative methodology, specifically Documentary Research. Data were collected and analyzed from the Pāli Canon, commentaries (Aṭṭhakathā), sub-commentaries (Ṭīkā), the Visuddhimagga, and relevant contemporary academic works. Content analysis and systematic conceptual synthesis were applied to construct integrative conclusions.

The findings reveal that: 1) The Five Virtues represent foundational internal moral qualities, comprising loving-kindness and compassion (mettā–karuṇā), right livelihood (sammā-ājīva), restraint in sensual conduct (kāma-saṃvara), truthfulness (sacca), and mindfulness with clear comprehension (sati-sampajañña). These virtues function as the psychological and ethical foundations of Buddhist morality. 2) The Five Precepts constitute the fundamental moral code for lay Buddhists, consisting of abstention from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, false speech, and intoxicants. These precepts serve as external behavioral regulations that foster social harmony and peaceful coexistence. 3) Through conceptual synthesis, the study develops an ethical framework termed the “MORAL Model” to illustrate the complementary relationship between inner virtues and outer precepts: M = Metta–Karuṇā supports the first precept; O = Occupation (Right Livelihood) supports the second; R = Restraint in Sexuality corresponds to the third; A = Accuracy in Speech aligns with the fourth; and L = Lucid Awareness reinforces the fifth. The MORAL Model represents a novel body of knowledge demonstrating how cultivated inner virtues empower individuals to observe the Five Precepts voluntarily and sustainably, with practical applications at individual, familial, community, and policy levels for sustainable social development.