การสร้างรัฐเสนานุภาพของไทยจากรัฐประหาร 2490 ถึงรัฐประหาร 2557
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61462/cujss.v52i1.665คำสำคัญ:
รัฐเสนานุภาพ, ทหารไทย, สถาบันกษัตริย์, รัฐประหาร, กิจการความมั่นคงภายในบทคัดย่อ
บทความนี้ต้องการวิเคราะห์อำนาจทางการเมืองของทหารไทยนับตั้งแต่การรัฐประหารในปี พ.ศ. 2490 จนถึง 2557 ด้วยมโนทัศน์รัฐเสนานุภาพ (praetorianism) โดยพิจารณาการพยายามสถาปนาอำนาจของทหารผ่านระบบกฎหมาย การใช้อำนาจบริหารประเทศ และอำนาจเหนือกิจการความมั่นคงภายใน โดยอำนาจของกองทัพในแต่ละยุคสมัยมีระดับที่แตกต่างกัน การปกป้องสถาบันกษัตริย์มีความสำคัญสูงสุดสำหรับรัฐเสนานุภาพไทย ทั้งในแง่ที่ “ระบอบประชาธิปไตยอันมีพระมหากษัตริย์เป็นประมุข” เป็นทั้งอุดมการณ์ พันธกิจ และเป็นแหล่งอ้างอิงความชอบธรรมของกองทัพ การสร้างรัฐเสนานุภาพไทยเกิดจากความร่วมมือกันระหว่างกองทัพกับพันธมิตรในเครือข่ายรอยัลลิสต์ รัฐเสนานุภาพไทยสามารถผลักดันนโยบายการพัฒนาไปในทิศทางที่ต้องการ ขยายอำนาจหน้าที่ของทหารในปัญหาความมั่นคงภายในออกไปอย่างกว้างขวาง จำกัดอำนาจพลเรือนเหนือกิจการภายในของกองทัพ พร้อม ๆ กับทำให้ประชาธิปไตยแบบรัฐสภาอ่อนแอลง ประการสำคัญ นับตั้งแต่การรัฐประหาร พ.ศ. 2490 กลไกอำนาจของกองทัพได้ถูกสถาปนาลงสู่โครงสร้างส่วนบนของอำนาจ ทำให้กองทัพสามารถบ่อนเซาะเสถียรภาพของรัฐบาลจากการเลือกตั้งได้อย่างง่ายดาย ดังเช่นที่เกิดขึ้นกับรัฐบาลพลเรือนหลังการรัฐประหารในปี พ.ศ. 2549
Downloads
References
Adinan Phromphanchai. 2020. Prematippatai: Kanmueangthai Rabop Hybrid. [Premocracy, the Hybrid Political Regime of Thailand]. Bangkok: Illuminations Editions. (in Thai)
Anderson, Benedict R.O’G. 1985. In the Mirror: Literature and Politics in Siam in the American Era. Bangkok: Duang Kamol.
Aphichai Kumueang. n.d. “Kot Iyakansuek: Botwikhrao Mattrakan Thang Kotmai Bangprakan.” [Martial Law: An Analysis of Legal Measures]. [Bangkok: Office of the Council of State]. Accessed April 7, 2021. www.krisdika.go.th/data/activity/act265.pdf. (in Thai)
Asa Kumpha. 2019. “Khwam Plianplaeng Khong Khrueakhai Chonchannam Thai Pho So 2495-2535.” [Changes of the Thai Elite Networks, 2495-2535 B.E.] Ph.D. thesis, Graduate School, Chiangmai University. (in Thai)
Ball, Desmond, and David Scott Mathieson. 2007. Militia Redux: Or Sor and the Revival of Paramilitarism in Thailand. Bangkok: White Lotus.
Caldwell, J. Alexander. 1974. American Economic Aid to Thailand. Lexington: Lexington Books.
Chai-Anan Samudavanija, Kusuma Snitwongse, and Suchit Bunbongkarn. 1990. From Armed Suppression to Political Offensive: Attitudinal Transformation of Thai Military Officers Since 1976. Bangkok: Institute of Security and International Studies, Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University.
Chambers, Paul. 2015. Civil-Military Relations in Thailand Since the 2014 Coup: The Tragedy of Security Sector “Deform”. Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF).
Chambers, Paul, and Napisa Waitoolkiat. 2016. “The Resilience of Monarchised Military in Thailand.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 46(3): 425-444.
Chanida Chitbundid. 2007. Khrongkan An Nueangmachak Phraratchadamri: Kan Sathapna Phraratcha-amnat Nam Nai Phrabatsomdetphrachaoyuhua. [The Royal-Initiated Projects: The Consolidation of King Bhumibol’s Royal Hegemony]. Bangkok: Foundation of the Social Science and Humanity Book Project. (in Thai)
Charnvit Kasetsiri. 2001. Prawatkanmueang Thai: 2475-2500. [History of Thai Politics: 1932-1957]. 3rd ed. Bangkok: Foundation of Social Science and Humanities Book Project. (in Thai)
Chavalit Yongchaiyut. 2006. Wan Nan Chana Dai Yangngai Yutthasat Thi Cha Chana Dai Nai Wanni. [How We Won Then, Strategy for Winning Now]. Bangkok: Loksikhao. (in Thai)
El-Shimy, Yasser. 2016. A Model of Praetorian States. Cambridge, MA: Middle East Initiative, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
Finer, Samuel E. 1962. The Man on Horseback: The Role of Military in Politics. New York: Praeger.
Huntington, Samuel. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
iLaw. 2019a. “4 Khokhuan Ru So Wo Taengtang.” [4 Points to Know about the Senate]. Accessed February 5, 2021. https://ilaw.or.th/node/5261. (in Thai)
-----. 2019b. “9 Hetphon Thi So No Cho Khuan Yut Phicharana Kotmai Dai Laeo.” [9 Reasons the NLA Should Cease Passing Laws]. Accessed February 5, 2021. https://ilaw.or. th/node/5184. (in Thai)
-----. 2019c. “Panha Ratthathammanun 2560 Thi Mai Pen Kotmai Sungsut Ik Topai Rai Chantha Mati Lae Lot Amnat Prachachon.” [Problems of the 2017 Constitution, No Longer the Supreme Law: No Popular Consent and Reduce Power of the People]. Accessed February 5, 2021. https://ilaw.or.th/node/5415. (in Thai)
InfoQuest Limited. 1997. “Khamthalaeng Nayobai Khong Khanaratthamontri Nai Chuan Leekpai Wanthi 20 Phruetsachikayon 2540.” [Policy Statement of Chuan Leekpai’s Cabinet, 20 November 1997]. Accessed June 4, 2017. www.ryt9.com/s/refg/166032. (in Thai)
Internal Security Operations Command. 2002. Khrongkan Chumchon Mankhong Duai Yutthasat Ko Or Ro Mo No Chumchon. [Strong Communities Project by Internal Security Operations Command’s Community Strategy]. Bangkok: The Operations Command. (in Thai)
-----. 2012. Thai-Asa Pongkan Chat. [National Thai Defence Volunteers]. Bangkok: The Operations Command. (in Thai)
Jatmika, Muhammad Indrawan. 2020. “Rethinking the Emergence and the Practice of Three Praetorian States in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Study between Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand.” Global South Review 2(1): 7-24.
K¬hemthong Tonsakulrungruang. 2018. “Thailand: The State of Liberal Democracy.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 16(2): 643-651.
Krobkruakao. “Ko Or Ro Mo No Rap Ngop 1,000 Lan Sakat Suea Daeng.” [ISOC Admits to Have Received 1,000 Million Baht to Block the Red Shirts]. Krobkruakao.Com, March 25. Accessed June 8, 2016. http://www2.krobkruakao.com/ข่าวการเมือง/138/กอ-รมน-รับงับ-1-000-ล้านสกัดเสื้อแดง.html. (in Thai)
Matichon. 2020. “Po Po Cho Yomrap Yuk ‘Kho So Cho-Prayut’ Ngoen Phaendin Rualai Chiat 3 Saen Lan.” [National Anti-Corruption Commission Admits Nearly 300,000 Million Baht Missing during the Era of NCPO-Prayut]. Accessed April 5, 2021. https://www.prachachat.net/politics/news-570969. (in Thai)
McCargo, Duncan. 2005. “Network Monarchy and Legitimacy Crises in Thailand.” Pacific Review 18(4): 499-519.
MGR Online. 2006. “‘Pa Prem’ Yam ‘Phrachaoyuhua-Chat’ Khue Chaokhong Thahan Thaeching Tuean Run Nong Chai Lueatnuea Pokpong Thoetthun.” [Prem Says the King-the Nation are the True Owners of the Armed Forces, Warns His Young Colleagues to Protect Them with Their Lives]. Accessed April 5, 2021. https://mgronline.com/politics/detail/9490000090486. (in Thai)
Montesano, Michael. 2019. "As Thai Military Holds on to Power, a 1980 Order by Former PM Prem Looms Large.” Accessed June 6, 2019. www.todayonline.com/commentary/thai-military-holds-power-1980-order-former-pm-prem-looms-large.
Muscat, Robert J. 1994. The Fifth Tiger: A Study of Thai Development Policy. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Natthaphon Chaiching. 2020. Khunsuek Sakdina Lae Phaya-insi: Kanmueang Thai Phaitai Rabiap Lok Khong Saharat-amerika 2491-2500. [The Military, The Monarchy, and the United States: Thai Politics under American World Order, 1948-1957]. Nonthaburi: Fadiewkan. (in Thai)
Nopphon Archamas, Poonsuk Poonsukcharoen, Pattranit Yaodam, Monthana Duangprapha, Supanat Boonsod, and Itthipol Kotami. 2019. Khosanoe tor Kanchatkan Phon Phuang Ratthaprahan: Thang Kotmai Nayobai Lae Krabuankan Yutitham Phuea Khumkhrong Sitthi Seriphap Prachachon. [Proposal for Managing Legacies of the Coup for Protection of People’s Rights and Freedom: Laws, Policies, and the Administration of Justice]. Bangkok: Thai Lawyers for Human Rights. (in Thai)
Nordlinger, Eric. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. London: Prentice Hall.
Perlmutter, Amos. 1981. Political Roles and Military Rulers. London: Frank Cass.
-----. 1969. “The Praetorian State and the Praetorian Army: Toward a Taxonomy of Civil-Military Relations in Developing Countries.” Comparative Politics 1(3): 382-404.
Prachatai. 2017. “iLaw Phoei So No Cho 89% Pen Thahan-Kharatchakan Henchop Kotmai Thuk Chabap Koen 90%.” [iLaw Discloses 89% of the National Legislative Assembly Members Were Military Officers and Bureaucrats, Approved over 90% of Proposed Laws]. Accessed February 5, 2021. https://prachatai.com/journal/2017/02/70114. (in Thai)
Prajak Kongkirati, and Veerayooth Kanchoochat. 2018. “The Prayuth Regime: Embedded Military and Hierarchical Capitalism in Thailand.” TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 6(2): 279-305.
Puangthong Pawakapan. 2021. Infiltrating Society: The Thai Military’s Internal Security Affairs. Singapore: ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute.
-----. 2009. Songkhram Kan Kha Lae Chatniyom Nai Khwam Samphan Thai-Kamphucha. [Wars, Trade and Nationalism in Thai-Cambodian Relations]. Bangkok: Foundation of Social Science and Humanities Book Project. (in Thai)
Randolph, R.Sean.1986.The United States and Thailand: Alliance Dynamics, 1950-1985. Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
Rangsan Thanapornphan. 2001. Krabuankan Kamnot Nayobai Setthakit Nai Prathet Thai: Bot Wikhro Choeng Prawattisat Setthakit Kanmueang Pho So 2475-2530. [Decision Making Process of Economic Policy in Thailand: A Historical Analysis in Political Economy, 1932-1987]. 3rd ed. Bangkok: Manager Publishing. (in Thai)
Riggs, Fred W. 1966. Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Saiyud Kerdphol. 1986. The Struggle for Thailand: Counter-Insurgency 1965-1985. Bangkok: S. Research Center.
Somchai Preechasilapakun. 2018. Ni Khue Panithan Thi Han Mung: Kho Thokthiang Wa Duai Sathaban Phramahakasatri Nai Ongkon Chattham Ratthathammanun Khong Thai Tangtae Pho So 2475-2550. [This Is the Glorious Quest: Debates about the Role of the Thai Monarchy in the Constitution Drafting Organizations, 1932- 2007]. Nonthaburi: Fadiewkan. (in Thai)
Stepan, Alfred. 1986. “The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion.” In Armies and Politics in Latin America, edited by A. Lowenthal and J. Samuel Fitch, 134-150. New York: Holmes and Meier.
Suchit Bunbongkarn. 1996. State of the Nation: Thailand. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Suehiro, Akira. 2014. “Technocracy and Thaksinocracy in Thailand: Reforms of the Public Sector and the Budget System under the Thaksin Government.” Southeast Asian Studies 3(2): 299-344.
Supanut Boonsod. 2020. “Panha Khwam Samphan Rawang Thahan Kap Phonlaruean Phaitai Rabop Ratthathammanun Thai Tangtae Pho So 2475-2490: Sueksa Nai Ngae Prawattisat Kotmai.” [Problems of Military-Civilian Relations under Thai Constitutional Regimes since 1932: A Study in Legal History]. Master thesis, Faculty of Law, Thammasat University. (in Thai)
Surachart Bamrungsuk. 2015. Senathipatai: Ratthaprahan Kap Kanmueang Thai. [Militocracy: Military Coups and Thai Politics]. Bangkok: Matichon. (in Thai)
Suthachai Yimprasert. 2008. Saithan Prawattisat Prachathippatai Thai. [The Historical Currents of Thai Democracy]. Bangkok: Foundation of Saithanprawattisat. (in Thai)
Tamada, Yoshifumi. 2014. “Ratthaprahan 19 Kanyayon Pho So 2549: Kan Taengtang Yokyai Naithahan Nai Kongthapbok Kap Kan Saeksaeng Kanmueang Nai Prathet Thai.” [The 19 September 2006 Coup: The Annual Reshuffle of Army Officers and Political Interference in Thailand]. Translated by Pop Anan. Fadiewkan 12(2-3): 186-244. (in Thai)
Thairath Online. 2019. “Song Ngop 6 Pi Kalahom Lae Nuai-ngan Nai Kamkap Thalu 1 Lan Lan.” [Focussing on Budgets for the Defence Ministry and Its Affiliates in the Last 6 Years, Reach 1 Million Million Baht]. LINE Today, February 19, 2019. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://today.line.me/th/v2/article/J3VpBy. (in Thai)
Thak Chaloemtiarana. 2007. Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asian Program, Cornell University.
Thongchai Winichakul. 2019. “Thailand’s Royal Democracy in Crisis.” In After the Coup: The National Council for Peace and Order Era and the Future of Thailand, edited by M.J. Montesano, T. Chong and Mark Shu Xun Heng, 308-334. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
Ukrist Pathmanand. 1983. “Saharat-amerika Kap Nayobai Setthakit Thai: 1960-1970.” [The United States and Thailand’s Economic Policy: 1960-1970]. Master thesis, Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University. (in Thai)
Ukrist Pathmanand, and Michael K. Connors. 2019. “Thailand’s Public Secret: Military Wealth and the State.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 51(2): 1-25.
Usani Kasemsan. 1999. Phrabatsomdetphrachaoyuhua Kap Kongthap Thai Nai Khrongkan Annueangmachak Phraratchadamri. [His Majesty the King and the Thai Armed Forces in the Royal-Initiated Development Projects]. Bangkok: O.S. Printing House. (in Thai)
Downloads
เผยแพร่แล้ว
How to Cite
ฉบับ
บท
License
Copyright (c) 2022 คณะรัฐศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
