Triangulated Conditions for State Violence against Muslim Minorities: Rohingya in Western Myanmar and Malay Muslims in Southern Thailand Compared
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61462/cujss.v52i2.910Abstract
This study examines variations in state-Muslim minority relations in Myanmar and Thailand by comparing state violence on Rohingya in Rakhine State of Myanmar and that on Malay-Muslims in southern Thailand. Although Myanmar and Thailand share the common feature of Theravada Buddhism, state relations with Muslim minorities in the two cases exhibit different outcomes: extreme violence and low level violence, respectively. The Rohingya case represents the former, while the Malay-Muslim case the latter. Essentially, this study aims to identify the diverging conditions. The findings show that the diverging outcomes depended on differences in the degree of exclusionary state perception, influence of Buddhist nationalism, and weakness of Muslim minorities. The paper also shows that when these three conditions are formed in a triangulated configuration, then it is more likely that extreme violence on ethnoreligious minorities is imminent. Thus, it proposes that the absence on presence of the triangulated conditions can be used as an early warning mechanism for monitoring the state’s extreme violence against ethnoreligious minorities in Southeast Asia, especially on the Malay-Muslims in southern Thailand.
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