The Nats Cult and Cultural Politics: Multiculturalism in Urbanizing Mandalay

Authors

  • Gritthee Srigate Faculty of Political Science, Ramkhamheang University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61462/cujss.v51i1.696

Keywords:

Nats cult, cultural politics, multiculturalism, cultural democracy, urbanizing Mandalay

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze multiculturalism and cultural democracy as evident in Nats (spirits) cult in Mandalay, Myanmar. The study found that there are many groups involved Nat cult, from those in the ruling classes to ordinary people. The ruling classes always used Nat cult to create cultural unity but sometimes tried to eradicate it thereby engaging in cultural violence. However, absolute cultural unity was never achieved. Rather, negotiation and accommodation became the norm. Eventually the area of Nat cult became a pluralistic one that allowed for differences, namely multiculturalism. This phenomenon thus becomes an important bastion against extremism and also serves as a basis for greater urbanization, development of democracy and the future in Myanmar.

Downloads

References

Almond, Gabriel A., and G. Bingham Powell. 1966. Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach. Boston: Little, Brown.

Arnat Anantapark. 2013. Prawattisat Phama: Phaendin Haeng Khwam Taekyaek. [Myanmar History: The Land of Disharmony]. Bangkok: Gypsy Groups. (in Thai)

Black, Cyril E. 1966. The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History. New York: Harper and Row.

Brac de la Perriere, Benedicte. 1996. “The Burmese Nats: Between Sovereignty and Autochthony.” Diogenes 44(174): 45-60.

Casparis, J. G. de, and I. W. Mabbett. 1993. “Religion and Popular Beliefs of Southeast Asia before c.1500.” In The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, edited by Nicholas Tarling, 276-340. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Galtung, Johan. 1990. “Cultural Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 27(3): 291-305.

Geertz, Clifford. 2000. “The World in Pieces: Culture and Politics at the End of the Century.” In Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics, 218-264. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Geertz, Clifford, ed. 1963. Old Societies and New State: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa. London: The Free Press of Glencoe.

Gritthee Srigate. 2018. “Kan Wikhro Kanmueang Tam Naeokhit Phahuwatthanatham.” [Political Analysis by Multicultural Approach]. In Kan Wikhro Kanmueang [Political Analysis]. Nonthaburi: Political Science Program, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. (in Thai)

Htin, Aung. 1967. A History of Burma. New York: Columbia University Press.

Kymlicka, Will. 2007. Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mendelson, E. Michael. 1975. Sangka and State in Burma: A Study of Monastic Sectarianism and Leadership. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Mouffe, Chantal. 1984. “Towards a Theoretical Interpretation of ‘New Social Movements.’” In Rethinking Marx, edited by S. Hanninen and L. Palden. New York and Bagnolet: International General/IMMRC.

Office of Knowledge Management and Development (Public Organization). [2015]. Urbanization Kan Khayaitua Khong Khwam Pen Mueang [Urbanization]. Accessed August 25, 2018. http://www.okmd.or.th/okmd-opportunity/urbanization/256. (in Thai)

Schliesinger Joachim. 2018. The Cult of the Thirty-Seven Spirits (Nats) in Burma: Merging Animism and Buddhism. Bangkok: Booksmango Incorporated.

Schreiner, Kendra. 2017. “Nation Building and Nationalism in Myanmar: From Military Rule to Democracy Opening.” University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal 3(2): 1-9.

Sen, Amartya. 2008. Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny. London: Penguin Books.

Stange, Paul. 1993. “Religious Change in Contemporary Southeast Asia.” In The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, edited by Nicholas Tarling, 529-584. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Steinberg, David I. 2012. “The Problem of Democracy in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Neither Nation-State Nor State-Nation?” Southeast Asian Affairs: 220-237.

Stepan, Alfred, Juan J. Linz, and Yogenda Yadav. 2010. “The Rise of ‘State-Nation” Journal of Democracy 21(3): 50-68.

Sudara Sujchaya. 2009. Mon Chonchat Bon Phaendin Suwannaphum. [Mon, an Ethnic Group in the Land of Suvarnabhumi]. Accessed June 20, 2019. http://www.openbase.in.th/node/9781. (in Thai)

Taw Sein Ko. 1913. Burmese Sketches. Rangoon: British Burma Press.

Temple, Richard C. 1991. The Thirty-Seven Nat: A Phase of Spirit-Worship Prevailing in Burma. London: W. Griggs.

Than Tun. 1983. The Royal Orders of Burma, A.D. 1598-1885. Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University.

Thanes Wongyannava. 2000. Padu Nawa Seri Prachathippatai Lom Thi Pak-ao. [Going to See Liberal Democracy Capsizing at the Estuary]. Lampang: Thammasat University, Lampang Campus.

Win Maung, Yenanthar, and Hteik Tin Thet. 2015. Bagan 37 Pagodas and 37 Nats. Mandalay: Cho Cho Myint.

Wiratch Niyomtham, and Oranuch Niyomtham. 2008. Rianru Sangkhom Lae Watthanatham Phama. [Learning Myanmar Society and Culture]. Phitsanulok: Center of Myanmar Study, Faculty of Humanity, Naresuan University. (in Thai)

Yosathorn Triyos. 2017. Nat: Phalang Sattha Khong Muanchon. [Nat: Power of People’s Faith]. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://ngthai.com/cultures/604/the-faith-of-myanmar-people. (in Thai)

Downloads

Published

06-09-2022

How to Cite

Srigate, Gritthee. 2022. “The Nats Cult and Cultural Politics: Multiculturalism in Urbanizing Mandalay”. Chulalongkorn University Journal of Social Sciences 51 (1). Bangkok, Thailand:147-68. https://doi.org/10.61462/cujss.v51i1.696.

Issue

Section

Research Articles